Lithuania is part of the East European Plain. On the territory of Lithuania hilly uplands alternate with lowland plains. Three lowland plains (Pajūris Lowland, Middle Lowland, and Eastern Lowland) and three uplands (Žemaičiai or Baltic Upland, Aukstaičiai Upland, and Eastern Upland). The highest point in Lithuania is Aukštasis Hill (294 m.).

Rivers and lakes in Lithuania have bee long used as waterways although, with the exception of the Nemunas, they are not very suitable for navigation.

There are 722 rivers of 10 kilometers and longer in Lithuania. 21 of them are more than 100 kilometers long. 1 sq. km of territory contains 0.6 kilometers of river streams on the average.

Most of the rivers flow across the Middle Lowlands and the western part of Žemaiciai Uplands.

There are over 3 thousand lakes in Lithuania, 25 of them with areas of 10 sq. km and more. They take up 1.5 per cent of Lithuania's territory. Most lakes are concentrated in the Aukstaiciai Uplands where they from the lake systems of Ignalina, Molėtai, Zarasai and Dubingiai. The deepest lake is Tauragnas (61 km).

The soil in Lithuania show a great diversity. About 45 per cent of the soil (in the uplands and in 

Pajuris Lowland) is turfen podzols, 4 per cent is podzol sands, 17 per cent is podzol bog peat, 8 per cent belongs to the category of carboniferous turf (in the plains of Middle Lowland, near river banks, it is the most fertile),

 

18 per cent is carboniferous turfen gley soil (becomes fertile when drained), 6 per cent is bog peat, and 1,5 per cent is alluvial soil (in Nemunas delta and river valleys).